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SDH/SONET and now OTN are the primary technologies for long-distance fibre links. This report also discusses digital cross-connects, Resilient Packet Rings, all-optical switching and Generalised Multiprotocol Label Switching, which enable the creation of large, flexible, WDM-based optical mesh networks.

 Table of Contents1. Synopsis 2. SDH / SONET fibre optic links 2.1 Historical background 2.2 Development 2.3 PDH 2.4 Infrared lasers 2.5 Fibre links 2.6 Link management 2.7 SDH rings 2.8 SDH benefits 3. SDH / SONET data rates 3.1 Introduction 3.2 DSO 3.3 Circuit switched foundation 3.4 Circuit versus packet switched 3.5 Common data rates 4. Enhancements to SDH / SONET 4.1 Improved electronics 4.1.1 Multiple streams of packet data 4.1.2 ATM and TCP/IP 4.1.3 Virtual concatenation 4.1.4 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) 4.1.5 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) 4.1.6 SDH equipment interfacing to other protocols 4.2 Digital Cross Connect 4.3 SDH interfaces on routers and switches 4.4 Single datastreams per fibre or wavelength without SDH 4.5 Redundancy without SDH 5. Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) 5.1 Packet rings for MAN 5.2 Similar structure to SDH rings 5.2.1 Data in both directions at once 5.2.2 Spatial reuse - drop the packet at the receiver 5.2.3 CIR and other QoS provisions 5.2.4 Bandwidth management 5.2.5 Redundancy - two protection mechanisms 5.2.6 Auto-discovery and management 5.2.7 Physical media 6. Optical switching and GMPLS 6.1 Dynamic optical wavelength conversion 6.1.1 Heterodyning 6.1.2 Coherent wave mixing 6.1.3 Optical gating 6.2 Optical cross-connects 6.2.1 GMPLS 6.3 Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs) 6.3.1 Optical ADMs 6.3.2 Ideal ROADM functionality 6.3.3 Practical ROADMs 6.3.4 Coloured and colourless inputs and outputs 7. Optical Transport Network (OTN) 8. Related reports
Table 1 - Virtual Concatenation Base Container Approximate Bandwidths
Exhibit 1 - SDH and SONET Data Rates

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